Highlights

• Legionella risks for toilet models exceeded drinking water benchmarks in some cases.
• Legionella risks are non-trivial at potentially large distances for long range models.
• Concentration of Legionella was the most influential model parameter in all models.
• Other management practices can be applied to reduce theoretical setback distances needed.

Abstract

The use of reclaimed water brings new challenges for the water industry in terms of maintaining water quality while increasing sustainability. Increased attention has been devoted to opportunistic pathogens, especially Legionella pneumophila, due to its growing importance as a portion of the waterborne disease burden in the United States. Infection occurs when a person inhales a mist containing Legionella bacteria.

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