Led by Boston University researchers, the study involved online and phone surveys of the same group of participants in the AmeriSpeak standing panel from Mar 31, 2020, to Apr 13, 2020 (T1), and from Mar 23, 2021, to Apr 19, 2021 (T2). Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and indicated whether they had ever experienced any of a series of stressors (eg, food insecurity, job loss, death of loved ones) as a result of COVID-19.

The researchers compared the results with depression prevalence data from 5,065 participants in the 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

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