Introduction While secondary pneumococcal pneumonia occurs less commonly after COVID-19 than after other viral infections, it remains unclear whether other interactions occur between SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods We probed potential interactions between these pathogens among adults aged ≥65y by measuring associations of COVID-19 outcomes with pneumococcal vaccination (13-valent conjugate and 23-valent polysaccharide; PCV13, PPSV23). We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using Cox proportional hazards models with doubly-robust inverse-propensity weighting. We assessed effect modification by antibiotic exposure to further test the biologic plausibility of a causal role for pneumococci.
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Citation: Joseph A Lewnard, Katia J Bruxvoort, Heidi Fischer, Vennis X Hong, Lindsay R Grant, Luis Jódar, Bradford D Gessner, Sara Y Tartof, Prevention of COVID-19 among older adults receiving pneumococcal conjugate vaccine suggests interactions between Streptococcus pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2021;, jiab128, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab128
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